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Low Oxygen and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres Inhibit Ethylene Biosynthesis in Preclimacteric and Climacteric Apple Fruit

Department of Pomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

Autocatalytic C₂H₄ biosynthesis in preclimacteric apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. `Golden Delicious') was prevented by storage in atmospheres of 20% CO₂-enriched air (17% O₂ + 63% N₂) or 0.25% O₂ (balance N₂). In preclimacteric fruit, both treatments inhibited C₂H₂ biosynthesis by suppressing expression of ACC synthase (ACC-S) at the mRNA level. ACC oxidase (ACC-O) mRNA abundance and in vitro enzyme activity also were impaired by these treatments. However, the conversion of ACC to C₂H₄ never became the rate limiting step in C₂H₄ biosynthesis. C₂H₄ biosynthesis also was effectively inhibited in climacteric apple fruit kept in air + 20% CO₂ or 0.25% O₂. Climacteric apples also exhibited suppressed expression of ACC-S at the mRNA level, while ACC-O transcript abundance, enzyme activity, and protein abundance were reduced only slightly. ACC-S is the key regulatory enzyme of C₂H₄ biosynthesis and is the major site at which elevated CO₂ and reduced O₂ atmospheres inhibit C₂H₄ biosynthesis, irrespective of fruit physiological maturity. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxcylic acid (ACC).

Key Words: controlled atmospheres • elevated CO₂ • ethylene biosynthesis • reduced O₂ • Malus domestica

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